Diferencies ente revisiones de «Llatín británicu»

El '''llatín británicu''' o '''romance británicu''' yera una forma de [[llatín vulgar|llatín tardíu]] faláu en Gran Bretaña mientres el [[Antigua Roma|períoduperiodu romanu]] y la [[alta Edá Media]]. Mientres la ocupación romana de Britannia el llatín foi la llingua principal de la élite y la llingua tenía más presencia nes partes meridional y oriental de la isla, que yeren les más romanizadas. Sicasí, esta llingua nunca movió al [[britónicu común|celta britónicu]] como llingua cotidiana de la mayor parte de los [[britones]], especialmente nes rexones menos romanizadas del norte y l'oeste. Nes últimes décades aldericóse hasta grau de diferenciación algamó'l llatín de Britannia del llatín continental, que dio llugar a les [[lengua romances]] modernes.

A la fin del períoduperiodu romanu, el llatín foi movíu en munchos allugamientos pol [[idioma anglosaxón|anglosaxón antiguu]] na mayor parte d'[[Inglaterra]] mientres los sieglos V y VI. El llatín sobreviviría solo nes árees celtes de Britannia occidental hasta'l 700 d. C. cuando foi definitivamente abandonáu en favor de les [[llingües britóniques]] vernácules.

[[Archivu:End.of.Roman.rule.in.Britain.383.410.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Britannia a la fin del períoduperiodu romanu, onde s'amuesa la área romanu-británica nes tierres baxes.]]

El historiadores del períoduperiodu romanu n'Inglaterra estremen unes "tierres altes" al norte y l'oeste del país y unes "tierres baxes" al sur y l'este,<ref>{{cita llibru|apellíu=Salway|nombre=Peter|añu=2001|títulu=A History of Roman Britain|páxines=4–6|isbn=0192801384}}</ref> siendo esta última rexón la que presentaba un mayor grau de [[Romanización (aculturación)|romanización]].<ref>{{cita llibru|apellíu=Sawyer|nome=P.H.|añu=1998|títulu=From Roman Britain to Norman England|páxina=74|isbn=0415178940}}</ref> En particular, nestes tierres baxes, el [[llatín]] sería la llingua de la mayor parte de la población urbana, la única llingua de l'alministración, de les clases altes, del exércitu y tres la introducción del cristianismu, la llingua de la ilesia. El britónicu siguiría siendo usáu per parte del campesinado, que formaba'l gruesu de la población; la élite rural sería billingüe.<ref>{{cita llibru|apellíu=Sawyer|nome=P.H.|añu=1998|títulu=From Roman Britain to Norman England|páxina=69|isbn=0415178940}}</ref> Nes tierres altes, solo había una romanización bien llindada y el britónicu sería la llingua dominante en tolos ámbitos.<ref name= Millar142>{{cita llibru|apellíu=Millar|nome=Robert McColl|añu=2012|títulu=English Historical Sociolinguistics|páxina=142|isbn=0748641815}}</ref>

Kenneth Jackson argued for a form of British Vulgar Latin, distinctive from continental Vulgar Latin.<ref name= Jackson82>Jackson (1953) pp. 82–94</ref> In fact, he identified two forms of British Latin: a lower-class variety of the language not significantly different from continental Vulgar Latin and a distinctive upper class Vulgar Latin.<ref name= Wollmann14/> This latter variety, Jackson believed, could be distinguished from continental Vulgar Latin by 12 distinct criteria.<ref name= Jackson82/> In particular, he characterised it as a conservative, hypercorrect "school" Latin with a "sound-system [which] was very archaic by ordinary Continental standards".<ref name= Jackson107>Jackson (1953) p.107</ref>

It is not known when Vulgar Latin ceased to be spoken in Britain,<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Christian Ireland|last=Charles-Edwards |first=Thomas |year=2000 |isbn=0521363950 |page=169}}</ref> but it is likely that it continued to be widely spoken in various parts of Britain into the fifth century.<ref name= Miller27>{{cite book |title=External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance |last=Miller |first=Gary |year=2012 |isbn=0199654263 |page=27}}</ref> In the lowland zone, Vulgar Latin was replaced by [[Old English]] during the course of the fifth and sixth centuries, whereas in the highland zone, it gave way to [[Brittonic languages]] such as [[Old Welsh|Primitive Welsh]] and [[Cornish language|Cornish]].<ref name= Godden/> But there have been a variety of views amongst scholars as to when exactly it died out as a vernacular, a question that has been described as "one of the most vexing problems of the languages of early Britain."<ref name= Miller25>{{cite book |title=External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance |last=Miller |first=Gary |year=2012 |isbn=0199654263 |page=25}}</ref>

In most of what was to become [[England]], the [[Anglu-Saxon settlement of Britain|Anglu-Saxon settlement]] and the consequent introduction of Old English appears to have caused the extinction of Vulgar Latin as a vernacular.<ref>{{cite book |title=Wales and the Britons, 350-1064 |last=Charles-Edwards |first=T. M. |year=2012 |isbn=0198217315 |page=88}}</ref> The Anglu-Saxons, a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic people]], spread westward across Britain in the fifth to seventh centuries leaving under British rule only [[Cornwall]] and [[Wales]] in the southern part of the country,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Davies|editor1-link=John Davies (historien) |editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins |editor3-first=Menna |editor3-last=Baines|editor4-first=Peredur I. |editor4-last=Lynch|editor4-link=Peredur Lynch|displayeditors=4 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Wales|The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]] |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 |page=915}}</ref> and [[Hen Ogledd]] in the north.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moore|first=David|title=The Welsh wars of independence: c.410-c.1415|year=2005|isbn=0-7524-3321-0|pp=16-17}}</ref> The demise of Vulgar Latin in the face of Anglu-Saxon settlement is very different from the fate of the language in other areas of western Europe subject to [[Migration Period|Germanic migration]], for example France, Italy and Spain where Latin and the Romance languages continued.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Anglu-Saxon World |last=Higham |first=Nicholas |coauthor=Ryan, Martin|year=2013 |isbn=0300125348 |page=70}}</ref> The likely reason is that in Britain there was a greater collapse in Roman institutions and infrastructure, leading to a much greater reduction in the status and prestige of the indigenous romanized culture: this meant that the indigenous population was more likely to abandon their languages in favour of the higher status language of the Anglu-Saxons.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Anglu-Saxon World |last=Higham |first=Nicholas |coauthor=Ryan, Martin|year=2013 |isbn=0300125348 |pages=109-111}}</ref>

There are, however, sporadic indications of its survival amongst the Celtic population.<ref name= Miller27/> Pockets of spoken Latin may have survived as isolates amongst the Anglu-Saxons. As llate as the 8th century the Saxon inhabitants of St Albans near the Roman city of [[Verulamium]] were aware of their ancient neighbour, which they knew alternatively as ''Verulamacæstir'' (or, under what [[H. R. Loyn]] terms "their own hybrid", ''Vaeclingscæstir'', "the fortress of the followers of Wæcla") interpretable as a pocket of Romanu-Britons that remained within the Anglu-Saxon countryside, probably speaking their own local neo-Latin.<ref>Loyn, ''Anglu-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest'', 2nd ed. 1991:11.</ref>

[[Image:Memoria.Voteporigis.Protictoris.jpg|thumb|right|Rubbing of a 6th-century stone inscription in Latin found in West Wales in 1895: "[[Vortiporius|Monument of Voteporigis the Protector]]".<ref>{{Citation|last=Laws|first=Edward|year=1895|contribution=Discovery of the Tombstone of Vortipore, Prince of Demetia|contribution-url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EgFPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA303|title=Archaeologia Cambrensis|volume=XII|series=Fifth Series|publisher=Chas. J. Clark|publication-date=1895|publication-presta=London|pages=303 &ndash; 306|url=}}</ref> According to [[Thomas Charles-Edwards]], the inscription provides "decisive evidence" of how long Vulgar Latin was spoken in this part of Britain.<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Christian Ireland|last=Charles-Edwards |first=Thomas |year=2000 |isbn=0521363950 |pages=168-169}}</ref>]]

Although Latin therefore continued to be spoken by many of the British elite in western Britain,<ref>Woolf, Alex, "The Britons: from Romans to Barbarians" pp.371-373 in {{cite book |title=Regna and Xentes: The Relationship Between Llate Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World |last=Goetz |first=Hans-Werner, et al.(eds.) |year=2012 |isbn=9004125248}}</ref> by about 700 it had died out.<ref name= C-Y>{{cite book |title=Wales and the Britons, 350-1064 |last=Charles-Edwards |first=T. M. |year=2012 |isbn=0198217315 |page=75}}</ref> The incoming Latin-speakers from the lowland zone seem to have rapidly assimilated with the existing population, and adopted Brittonic.<ref name= Higham168/> The continued viability of British Latin may have been negatively affected by the loss to Old English of the areas where it had been strongest: the Anglu-Saxon conquest of the lowland zone may have indirectly ensured that Vulgar Latin would not survive in the highland zone either.<ref>{{cite book |title=Wales and the Britons, 350-1064 |last=Charles-Edwards |first=T. M. |year=2012 |isbn=0198217315 |page=89}}</ref> This assimilation to Brittonic appears to have been the exact opposite to the situation in France, where the collapse of towns and migration of large numbers of Latin-speakers into the countryside apparently caused the final extinction of Gaulish.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}-->

* Charles-Edwards, Thomas, "Language and Society among the Insular Celts, AD 400–1000", in M. J. Green (ed.), ''The Celtic World'', ed. (London, 1995), pp.&nbsp;703–36