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Llinia 18:
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El '''persa antiguu''' o '''persa aqueménida''' ye una [[llingües iranies occidentales|llingua irania suroccidental]] falada fai más de dos mil años nel antiguu [[Irán]] que ye l'antecesor directudireutu del [[persa mediu]] o persa sasánida (''pahlavi''). El persa antiguu reflexa arcaismos y estructures gramaticales típiques del antiguu iraniu, tamién atestiguaes n'antiguu [[avéstico]] [[llingües iranies orientales|(iraniu nororiental)]].
 
== Aspeutos históricos, sociales y culturales ==
Llinia 44:
<blockquote>The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Parsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as [[Avestan]], [[Parthia]]n, [[Soghdian]], [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]], [[Pashto]], etc., Old, [[Middle Persian|Middle]] and [[Persian language|New Persian]] represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in [[Fars Province|Fars]] and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran''.</blockquote>
 
Middle Persian, also sometimes called Pahlavi is a directdireut continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country.<ref name="Ulrich">Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society", Walter de Gruyter, 2006. 2nd edition. pg 1912: "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a directdireut continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable aponderen elements from Arabic and Parthian."</ref><ref>Bo Utas, "Semitic on Iranian", in "Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic" editors (Éva Ágnes Csató, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani),Routledge, 2005. pg 71: "As already mentioned, it is not likely that the scribes of Sassanian chanceries had any escurre about the Old Persian cuneiform writing and the language couched in it. Still, the Middle Persian language that appeared in the third century AD may be seen as a continuation of Old Persian</ref>
Comparison of the evolution at each stage of the language shows great simplification in grammar and syntax. However, [[Modern Persian|New Persian]] is a directdireut descendent of Middle and Old Persian.<ref name=EI-IL-vi>{{Citation|title=Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts|first=Prods Oktor|last=Skjærvø|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]|year=2006|volume=13|ref=Skjaervo2006|postscript=.}}</ref>
 
==Substrates==
Llinia 53:
{{Main|Old Persian cuneiform}}
Old Persian texts were written from left to right in the syllabic Old Persian cuneiform script and had 36 phonetic characters and 8 [[logograms]]. The usage of such characters are not obligatory.<ref>{{harv|Schmitt|2008|p=78}}</ref> The script was surprisingly<ref>{{harv|Schmitt|2008|p=78}} Excerpt: "It remains unclear why the [[Persian_people#Ancient|Persians]] did not take over the [[Mesopotamia#Language_and_writing|Mesopotamian system]] in earlier times, as the Elamites and other peoples
of the Near East had, and, for that matter, why the Persians did not adopt the Aramaic consonantal script.."</ref> not a result of evolution of the script used in the nearby civilisation of Mesopotamia.<ref name=s2008-77>{{harv|Schmitt|2008|p=77}}</ref> Despite the fact that Old Persian was written in cuneiform script, the script was not a directdireut continuation of Mesopotamian tradition and in fact, according to Schmitt, was a "deliberate creation of the sixth century BCE".<ref name=s2008-77/>
 
The origin of the Old Persian cuneiform script and the identification of the date and process of introduction is a matter of discussion among Iranian scholars without xeneral agreement being reached. The factors making the decision difficult are, among others, the difficult passage [[Behistun Inscription|DB]] (IV lines 88–92) from [[Darius the Great]] who speaks of a new “form of writing” being made by himself which is said to be “in [[Iranian Languages|Aryan]]”, and analysis of certain Old Persian inscriptions that are "supposed or claimed" to predate Darius the Great. Although it is true that the oldest attested OP inscriptions are from Behistun monument from Darius, the creation of this "new type of writing" is seemingly, according to Schmitt, "to have begun already under [[Cyrus the Great]]".<ref name=s2008-80-1>{{Harv|Schmitt|2008|pp=80–1}}</ref>
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