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== Bibliografía ==
<div class="references-small" style="
* Abizadeh A (2001) [http://www.profs-polisci.mcgill.ca/abizadeh/Ethnicity.htm "Ethnicity, Race, and a Possible Humanity"] ''World Order'' 33.1: 23-34.
* American Association of Physical Anthropologists (1996) AAPA statement on biological aspects of race. Am J Phys Anthropol 101:569–570
* Anonymous (1996) Style matters: ethnicity, race, and culture: guidelines for research, audit, and publication. BMJ 312:1094
* Banton M (1977) The idea of race. Westview Press, Boulder
* Bhopal R (1997) Is research into ethnicity and health racist, unsound, or important science? BMJ 314:1751–1756
*
* Bonham V, Warshauer-Baker
* Brace 1964 "A Non-racial Approach Toward the Understanding of Human Diversity" in ''The Concept of Race'', ed. Ashley Montagu
* Braun L (2002) Race, ethnicity, and health: can genetics explain disparities? Perspect Biol Med 45:159–174
* Brodwin P (2002) Genetics, identity, and the anthropology of essentialism. Anthropol Quart 75:323–330
* Burchard EG, Ziv
* Calafell F (2003) Classifying humans. Nat Genet 33:435–436
*
* Cardon LR, Palmer LJ (2003) Population stratification and spurious allelic association. Lancet 361:598–604
* Collins-Schramm HE, et al., (2004) Mexican American ancestry-informative markers: examination of population structure and marker characteristics in European Americans, Mexican Americans, Amerindians and Asian. Human Genetics 114:263-71
* Cooper RS, Kaufman JS, Ward R (2003) Race and genomics. N Engl J Med 348:1166–1170
* Dobzhansky, T. (1970). ''Genetics of the Evolutionary Process
* ——— (2005) Race and reification in science. Science 307:1050–1051
* Ehrlich and Holm 1964 "A Biological View of Race" in The Concept of Race, ed. Ashley Montagu.
* [[Ambrosio García Leal|García Leal, A.]] (2013). ''El azar creador: la evolución de la vida compleja y de la inteligencia''. Colección Metatemas núm. 126. Tusquets Editores. México. ISBN 978-607-421-468-0
* Gluckman PD, Hanson MA (2004) Living with the past: evolution, development, and patterns of disease. Science 305:1733–1736
* Goldstein DB, Chikhi L (2002) Human migrations and population structure: what we know and why it matters. Ann Rev Genomics Hum Genet 3:129–152
* Guthrie RD (1996) The mammoth steppe and the origin of mongoloids and their dispersal. In: Akazawa T, Szathmary
* Hannaford I (1996) Race: the history of an
* Hooton,
* Hutchinson J, Smith AD (eds) (1996) Ethnicity. Oxford University Press, New York
* Jablonski NG (2004) The evolution of human skin and skin color. Annu Rev Anthropol 33:585–623
* Keita
* Lamason RL, Mohideen MA, Mest JR, Wong AC, Norton HL, Aros MC, Jurynec MJ, Mao X, Humphreville VR, Humbert JE, Sinha S, Moore JL, Jagadeeswaran P, Zhao W, Ning G, Makalowska I, McKeigue PM, O'donnell D, Kittles R, Parra EJ, Mangini NJ, Grunwald DJ, Shriver MD, Canfield VA, Cheng KC (2005). SLC24A5, a putative cation exchanger, affects pigmentation in zebrafish and humans. Science 310: 1782-6.
* LaVeist TA (1996) Why we should
* ——— (ed) (2002) Race, ethnicity, and health. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
* Lee SS, Mountain J, Koenig BA (2001) The meanings of "race" in the new genomics: implications for health disparities research. Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics 1:33–75
* Lin SS, Kelsey JL (2000) Use of race and ethnicity in epidemiologic research: concepts, methodological issues, and suggestions for research. Epidemiol Rev 22:187–202
* Livingstone 1962 "On the Non-Existence of Human Races" in ''Current Anthropology'' 3: 279-281
* Lohmueller KE, Pearce CL, Pike M, Lander
* Long, J.C. and Kittles, R.A. (2003). Human genetic diversity and the nonexistence of biological races. ''Hum Biol.'' 75, 449–71. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14655871]
* Mahoney MC, Michalek AM (1998) Health status of American Indians/Alaska natives:
* Marchini J, Cardon LR, Phillips MS, Donnelly P (2004) The effects of human population structure on large genetic association studies. Nat Genet 36:512–517
* Marks J (1995) Human biodiversity:
* Mayr,
* Mays VM, Ponce NA, Washington DL, Cochran SD (2003) Classification of race and ethnicity: implications for public health. Annu Rev Public Health 24:83–110
* McKeigue PM (2005) Prospects for admixture mapping of complex traits. Am J Hum Genet 76:1–7
* Morton NE, Collins A (1998) Tests and estimates of allelic association in complex inheritance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:11389–11393
* Mosse GL (1985) Toward the final solution, 2nd ed. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison
* Nobles M (2000) Shades of citizenship: race and the census in modern politics. [[Stanford University Press]], Stanford
* Nordborg M (1998) On the probability of Neanderthal ancestry. Am J Hum Genet 63:1237–1240
* Nordborg M, Tavare S (2002) Linkage disequilibrium: what history has to tell us. Trends Genet 18:83–90
* Parra EJ, Kittles RA, Shriver MD (2004) Implications of correlations between skin color and genetic ancestry for biomedical research. Nat Genet 36:S54–S60
* Parra EJ, Marcini A, Akey J, Martinson J, Batzer MA, Cooper R, Forrester T, Allison DB, Deka R, Ferrell RE, Shriver MD (1998) Estimating African American admixture proportions by use of population-specific alleles. Am J Hum Genet 63:1839–1851
* Parra FC, Amado RC, Lambertucci JR, Rocha J, Antunes CM, Pena SD (2003) Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:177–182 [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=140919]
* Patterson N, Hattangadi N, Lane B, Lohmueller KE, Hafler DA, Oksenberg JR, Hauser SL, Smith MW, O'Brien SJ, Altshuler D, Daly MJ, Reich D (2004) Methods for high-density admixture mapping of disease
* Pfaff CL, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Wagner JK, Long JC (2004) Information on ancestry from genetic markers. Genet Epidemiol 26:305–315
* Platz EZ, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Kantoff PW, Giovannucci
* Pritchard JK (2001) Are rare variants responsible for susceptibility to complex diseases? Am J Hum Genet 69:124–137
* Pritchard JK, Cox NJ (2002) The allelic architecture of human disease
*
* Rawlings JS, Weir MR (1992) Race- and rank-specific infant mortality in a US military population. Am J Dis Child 146:313–316
* Rees JL (2003) Genetics of hair and skin color. Annu Rev Genet 37:67–90
* Reich DA, Lander
* Relethford JH (2002) Apportionment of global human genetic diversity based on craniometrics and skin color. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:393–398
* Risch N (2000) Searching for the genetic determinants in a new millennium. Nature 405:847–856
* Risch N, Burchard
* Rivara F, Finberg L (2001) Use of the terms race and ethnicity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 155:119
* Rohde D, Olson S, Chang J (2004) Modeling the recent common ancestry of all living humans. Nature 431:562–566
* Roseman CC (2004) Detecting interregionally diversifying natural selection on modern human cranial form by using matched molecular and morphometric data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:12824–12829
* Rosenberg NA, Pritchard JK, Weber JL, Cann HM, Kidd KK, Zhivotovsky LA, Feldman MW (2002) Genetic structure of human populations. Science 298:2381–2385 {{enllaz rotu|1=[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=sci&resid=298/5602/2381] |2=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=sci&resid=298%2F5602%2F2381 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* Rotimi CN (2004) Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and "race"? Nat Genet 36:S43–S47
* Sallout B, Walker M (2003) The fetal origin of adult diseases. J Obstet Gynaecol 23:555–560
* Sánchez Arteaga, J. (2006). [https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/673828 Las Teorías biológicas sobre el origen de las razas humanas (1859-1900): elementos para una crítica antropológica de la racionalidad tecnocientífica. Tesis doctoral. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.]
* Sarich, Vincent, and Frank Miele. Race: The Reality of Human Differences. Westview Press, 2004.▼
* Sánchez Arteaga, Juanma (2007) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304117062_La_razon_salvaje_Tecnociencia_racismo_y_racionalidad ''La razón salvaje: tecnociencia, racismo y racionalidad''. Madrid: Lengua de Trapo.]
▲* Sarich, Vincent, and Frank Miele. ''Race: The Reality of Human Differences''. Westview Press, 2004.
* Schwartz M, Vissing J (2002) Paternal Inheritance of Mitochondrial DNA. N Engl J Med 347:576-580
* Shields AE, Fortun M, Hammonds EM, King PA, Lerman C, Rapp R, Sullivan PF (2005) The use of race variables in genetic studies of complex traits and the goal of reducing health disparities: a transdisciplinary perspective. Am Psychol 60:77–103
* Shipler D (1997) A country of strangers: blacks and whites in America. Knopf, New York
* Shostak S (2003) Locating gene-environment interaction: at the intersections of genetics and public health. Soc Sci Med 56:2327–2342
* Shriver, M. D. et al. (2003). Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry, and admixture mapping. ''Hum. Genet.'' 112, 387–399. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12579416]
* Sider, Gerald 1993 ''Lumbee Indian Histories: Race, Ethnicity, and Indian Identity in the Southern United States''
* Smedley A (1999) Race in North America: origin and evolution of a worldview, 2nd ed. Westview Press, Boulder
* Smelser N, Wilson WJ, Mitchell F (eds) (2001) America becoming: racial trends and their consequences. Vol 2. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
* Smith DJ, Lusis AJ (2002) The allelic structure of common disease. Hum Mol Genet 11:2455–2461
* Smith MW, Patterson N, Lautenberger JA, Truelove AL, McDonald GJ, Waliszewska A, Kessing BD, et al (2004) A high-density admixture map for disease gene discovery in African Americans. Am J Hum Genet 74:1001–1013
* Snowden FM (1983) Before color prejudice: the ancient view of blacks. [[Harvard University Press]], Cambridge, MA
* Spickard PR (1992) The illogic of American racial categories. In: Root MPP (ed) Racially mixed people in America. Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp 12–23
* Stanton W (1960) The leopard's spots: scientific attitudes toward race in America, 1815–1859. [[University of Chicago Press]], Chicago
* Stevens J (2003) Racial meanings and scientific methods: changing policies for NIH-sponsored publications reporting human variation. J Health Polit Policy Law 28:1033–1087
* Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF (2001) Human pigmentation
* Takaki R (1993) A different mirror: a history of multicultural America. Little, Brown, Boston
* Tang H, Quertermous T, Rodríguez B, Kardia SL, Zhu X, Brown A, Pankow JS, Province MA, Hunt SC, Boerwinkle
* Tate SK, Goldstein DB (2004) Will tomorrow's medicines work for everyone? Nat Genet 36:S34–S42
* Templeton AR (1998) Human races: a genetic and evolutionary perspective. Am Anthropol 100:632–650
* Tishkoff SA, Kidd KK (2004) Implications of biogeography of human populations for "race" and medicine. Nat Genet 36:S21–S27
* Todorov T (1993) On human diversity. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
* Vega WA, Amaro H (1994)
* Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, Li PW, Mural RJ, Sutton GG, Smith HO, et al (2001) The sequence of the human genome. Science 291:1304–1351
* Wacholder S, Rothman N, Caporaso N (2002) Counterpoint: bias from population stratification is not a major threat to the validity of conclusions from epidemiological studies of common polymorphisms and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:513–520
* Wallace R, Wallace D, Wallace RG (2004) Coronary heart disease, chronic inflammation, and pathogenic social hierarchy: a biological limit to possible reductions in morbidity and mortality. J Natl Med Assoc 96:609–619
* Waters M (1990) Ethnic options: choosing identities in America. [[University of California Press]], Berkeley
* Weatherall D (1999) From genotype to phenotype: genetics and medical practice in the new millennium. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 354:1995–2010
* Whyatt RM, Rauh V, Barr DB, Camann DE, Andrews HF, Garfinkel R, Hoepner LA, Diaz D, Dietrich J, Reyes A, Tang D, Kinney PL, Perera FP (2004) Prenatal insecticide exposures and birth weight and length among an urban minority cohort. Environ Health Perspect 112:1125–1132
* Microsoft Encarta (2008)
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